A Systematic Survey of Cross-Domain Data Sharing Architectures

Driven by the increasing complexity of data ecosystems and growing demands for data sovereignty, effective cross-domain architectures have become essential for global interoperability. This survey traces the evolution of these architectures from traditional databases to emerging paradigms, revealing a trajectory toward data-centric, decentralized, and user-oriented systems that prioritize trust and data sovereignty. This survey yields three primary findings. First, it constructs a comprehensive technical lineage of eight representative architectures, providing a structured comparative framework that is often absent in prior surveys. Second, it reveals a paradigm shift from “compute-centric” rigid integration to “data-centric” autonomous collaboration, as well as a transition from “performance-first” to “experience-first” user-centric systems. Third, this survey demonstrates that while security is evolving toward comprehensive data trustworthiness, considerable challenges remain, particularly regarding semantic alignment across heterogeneous domains and policy enforcement complexity in decentralized governance. By synthesizing these findings, this survey highlights research directions for balancing autonomy and standardization in future global data infrastructures.